Breast reconstruction

Breast reconstruction rebuilding breast, usually women. I involves using autologous tissue prosthetic material construct natural-looking breast. Often includes reformation natural-looking areola nipple. T procedure involves implants relocated flaps patient's tissue.

T O A Oy primary p procedure often carried immediately following mastectomy. A y other surgeries, patients significant medical comorbidities (g blood pressure, obesity, diabetes) smokers higher- candidates. Surgeons y choose perform delayed reconstruction decrease . Patients expected receive external radiation p their adjuvant treatment commonly considered delayed autologous reconstruction significantly higher complication rates tissue expander-implant techniques those patients.

Breast reconstruction large undertaking usually takes multiple operations. Sometimes these follow-p surgeries spread weeks months. I implant used, individual risks complications those breast augmentation higher rates capsular contracture (tightening hardening tissue around implant) revisional surgeries.

Outcomes based research quality improvements psychosocial benefits associated breast reconstruction served stimulus United States 1998 Women's Health Cancer Rights A, which mandated health payer coverage breast nipple reconstruction, contralateral procedures achieve symmetry, treatment sequelae mastectomy. T followed 2001 y additional legislation imposing penalties noncompliant insurers. Similar provisions coverage exist countries worldwide through national health programs.